Psychological Factors in Health Essay

Psychological Factors in Health By Samantha Weitzell Axia College of the University of Phoenix Contracting an illness rather it be the flu, a cold, or even heart disease can have many factors, some including genetic and lifestyle. Most of us only look at genetic factors when it comes to our health. If our grandmother had cancer then we will probably contract it as well. This is not entirely true, studies show that behavior, culture, environmental and stress can make a big difference in our health. Chapter 4 in our book states the multicultural model is â€Å"The belief that health and illness are a function of multiple factors involving biological, psychological, and cultural domains, and their interactions† (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). When we think about psychological factors such as anxiety or depression we tend to believe those only affect our mental health, however preventing or controlling these psychological illnesses can have effect on our physical health and well being. Psychological factors also are important in understanding and treating medical disorders. One medical disorder that is one of the biggest stress related are headaches. In the United States 20% of the population suffer from severe headaches (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). There are two types of headaches to discuss those are muscle tension headaches and migraine headaches. Muscle tension headaches are caused from the contraction of muscles in the shoulder, head and neck. When our body is experiencing a great deal of stress these muscles start to contract constantly causing us to have a muscle tension headache. Blowing issues out of proportion can lead to these headaches as well. Tension headaches come on gradually, most people will experience pain on both sides of the head and pressure throughout the head (Gorman & Park, 2002). One out of every ten Americans experience migraine headaches. A migraine headache is a throbbing headache caused by wavelike firing of neurons on the brain, which create ripples of neural activity that reach pain centers in the brain stem (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). Muscle tension headaches will experience pain on both sides of the head where in a migraine headache you will only experience pain on one side. Muscle tension headaches usually go away within a few hours at the most whereas migraine headaches can last hours or even days at a time. These types of headaches can cause blurred vision, sensitivity to things such as smells or light, nausea, and loss of eating. The cause of migraine headaches are said to be complex and not well understood. Most Doctors feel it is due to an imbalance of blood flow and imbalance of neuron activity in the brain. There are many things that can trigger these headaches such as stress, hormones, drug use, and even certain types of chemicals. According to the American Heart Association Coronary Heart Disease also known as CDH is the leading cause of death in the United States (American Heart Association, 2000). The choices we make and our behavior actually have a large effect on our risk of suffering from CHD. There are quite a few factors determining this. Our family history does have some effect but, there are also many other psychological effects we will discuss as well. A person who has a family history of CHD is most likely to contract it then others. Someone with psychological conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure or cholesterol are also at high risk. Many times when we feel stressed we think our blood pressure is too high but, that is not always true that is why it is important to get this checked regularly. Our eating habits can play a role in our risk for heart disease. Over eating, smoking and alcoholism are some of the most common. Type A behavior can have an effect on developing heart disease. Type A behavior is someone that is usually impatient, aggressive, feel rushed, and under a great amount of stress. Reducing these types of behavior patterns can help lower our risk of developing heart problems and even many other health issues. One CHD is developed we can undergo surgery and take medication. There are quite a few different ways that we can prevent developing this disease and eliminate risk of being one of those every ten Americans that suffer from CHD. One of the biggest challenges we face that we can change is to stop smoking, controlling our weight and to follow a healthy diet. All, three of these things are something that we control and we have the choice as to how we live our lifestyle. Keeping these types of things under control can help us in maintaining our health. Maintaining good behavior patterns and not living with a type A personality can help in reducing risks to heart disease. Finding ways to relieve stress and hypertension such as relaxation exercises or working in jobs that do not put so much stress on our bodies are good ways in controlling this.

Five Force Analysis Essay

The Bible says in Philippians 2:3-4 â€Å"Do nothing from rivalry or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves. Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interest of others†. The industry-based view of strategy is underpinned by the five forces framework, first advocated by Michael Porter, it was later strengthen by others. The five forces strategy forms the backbone of the industry-based view of strategy. Since its introduction in 1979, has become the framework for industry analysis. The five forces measure the competitiveness of the market deriving its attractiveness (Peng, 2009). Soft drink industry needs huge amount of money to spend on advertisement and marketing. In 2000, Pepsi, Coke and their bottler’s invested approximately $2.58 billion. This makes exceptionally hard for a new competitor to struggle with current market and expand visibility. (MBA lectures, 2010). The Coca Cola Company has little worries when it comes to threats of potential entry. The beverage industry there is no consumer switching cost and zero capital requirement. Coca Cola is a beverage but it is also seen as a brand. Coke has held a significant market share for a long and their customers are loyal trying new brands are not likely. Actions indicative of a high degree of rivalry include frequent price wars, proliferation of new products, intense advertising campaigns and high cost competitive actions and reactions (Peng, 2009). The intensity of the rival threatens firms by reducing profits. Currently, the main competitor Coca Cola has is Pepsi. Pepsi has a wide range of beverage products under its brand. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are the predominant carbonated beverages and committed heavily to sponsoring outdoor events and activities. The market have other soda brands that are popular such as Dr. Pepper because of its unique flavors. The other brands haven’t been as succ essful as Pepsi or Coca Cola. Threat of existing rival is high among Coca Cola and Pepsi. Coke and Pepsi are primarily competing on advertising and differentiation rather than on pricing. Substitutes are products of different industries that satisfy customer needs currently met  by the focal industry (Peng, 2009). Microeconomic teaches the more substitutes a product has, the demand for the product becomes elastic. Pepsi is not a substitute for Coke because they are in the same industry. Tea, coffee, juice, and water are substitutes because they are beverages but are in a different product category. There are many kinds of energy drink, soda, and juice product in the market Coke doesn’t really have a unique taste it’s hard for many people to tell in a taste test which one is which. All the suppliers of these substitutes need massive advertising, brand equity, brand loyalty and making sure that their brands are effortlessly accessible to consumers (MBA Lectures, 2010). The bargaining power of buyers weather corporate or individual, firms in the focal industr y are essentially supplies. A small number of buyers leads to strong bargaining power. Buyers may enhance their bargaining power if products of an industry do not clearly produce cost saving or enhance the quality of life for buyers. Buyers may have strong bargaining power if they purchase standard, commodity products from suppliers. Buyers are just like suppliers they may enhance their bargaining power by entering the focal industry through backward integration (Peng, 2009). The most important buyers for the Soft Drink industry are fast food fountain, vending, convenience stores, restaurants, college canteens and other in the categorize of market share (MBA Lectures, 2010). The bargaining power of buyers for Coca Cola has low pressure. The individual has no pressure on Coca Cola. The consumer brand loyalty helps Coca Cola when it comes large retailers like Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart have power in bargaining because of the large order quantity. Bargaining power of suppliers are low for Coca Cola. Suppliers are organization that provide inputs, such as materials, services, and manpower, to firms in the focal industry. The bargaining power of suppliers refers to their ability to raise and reduce quality of goods and services. If the supplier industry is dominated by a few firms, they may gain an upper hand (Peng, 2009). The main ingredient for soft drink are carbonated water, phosphoric acid, sweetener, and caffeine. The supplier are not concentrated. Coca Cola is the largest customer for these suppliers. Supplier’s products are important input for the manufactures in this industry because these product are not substituted. Reference: Holy Bible Peng, M.W. (2009). Global Strategy (3rd. ed.) Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning Porter’s Five Forces Model of Coca Cola. Nov 25, 2010

Caree paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Caree paper - Essay Example The ultimate mission of a teacher is to produce a skilled and an informed citizenry. The paper covers the history, requirements, duties, and the job outlook of a high school or a secondary teacher. In the earliest times, cultural, social values, religion, knowledge, traditions, skills, and morality were passed on to generation by informal education. Education was achieved by imitation and observation. It was in oral form. Parents, kids, and extended family acted as teachers to the young. With the complexity of the ancient civilization, customs and knowledge about agriculture, boat building, military, and other activities called for the demand for teachers. The revolutionary war led to an improvement of education in America. Majority of the teachers at the time were male (Saleh & Khine, 2012). Horace Mann in 1647 opened the first free public school. A significant step in the education sector took pace in 1857, coming up with National Teachers Association. It gave rise to the current teacher profession. Becoming a teacher is not easy. A secondary teacher has to pass through high school, complete college and obtain a four-year bachelor degree in the field or subject they wish to teach. In addition, they have to go through one to two years of college in a Credential program. The program entails classes on how to teach. It also tests knowledge of PRAXIS, CBEST, and SSAT (Saleh & Khine, 2012). Teachers are of different types. Each has a unique and a complicated job. Elementary teachers teach grade K to 8. Secondary teachers teach grade 6 to 12. Special Ed teachers teach students with disabilities. The substitute teachers fill in for the absent teachers. Finally, we have the professors who teach in colleges. A secondary teacher teaches in one major subject area like Mathematics, English, Science, History, and Arts. Their daily duties involve making lesson plans, attending lessons, grading papers, assigning grades, contacting parents, keeping attendance and

Tourism Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Concepts - Research Paper Example Tourism is all about the specifications of a place; with specific details present, these tourists can wander around in the city with much ease. San Diego County is a county located in the southwestern corner of the State of California (San Diego, 2010). It is the most newest and dynamic metropolitan areas in the country America. San Diego has an attraction that can draw people’s attention towards it. The sights and sounds of the city center is the objective of the attraction. With the inland mountains and one of the most beautiful natural harbors in the world, San Diego is a result of years of development and vitalization (Trains Magazine, 2009). The report will be discussing the places of attraction situated at San Diego, the facilities of food, accommodation, and transportation. It will also be presenting the culture, hospitality of people, and the infrastructure of the county. This report will mainly be targeting the tourists and tourism planners. San Diego is considered as one of the most developed and pleasant counties of America. There are many attractive and major sites of interest for the tourists and the tourism planners. Alta Vista Garden is a garden that is established with the theme of bringing together people, nature, and art. The garden is situated on over 14 acres and the admission is free for the public (Kragen, 2009). The garden is a cultural botanical park and provides an interactive method to teach botany and other subjects to the students. The water paths are constructed in such a way that the water falls into natural pools and gives a natural waterfall-look. The other places of interest include Lego land, which is a theme park. It is the only Lego land situated outside of Europe. Lego land has nine main sections, each constructed on a separate theme (Kragen, 2009). Mission Bay is a recreational area includes sea world, and Fiesta Island etc. Mission Bay has sandy beaches spread over miles with a long pedestrian path. It is the larges t man made Aquatic Park in America (National Park Services, 2009). Sea world is famous for the facility of all kinds of water sports. Fiesta Island is located within Mission Bay. Charity walks, bicycle races, and other special events of this kind are held here. Tourists who are fond of jet skiing, sailing, camping, and water sports must visit Mission Bay. Balboa Park is also a worth visiting site. It has numerous museums and other cultural places (National Park Services, 2009). San Diego Zoo is also located in Balboa Park. The park itself has many beautiful and rare trees, which makes it a place of interest for the visitors; moreover there are several gardens in the Balboa Park. Also, there is Cabrillo National Monument that is the historical exhibition of Juan Rodeiguez Cabrillo and World War 2. (National register of Historic places, 2007). The park also presents a view of San Diego’s harbor and skyline. The means of transportation in San Diego County is unique too. There ar e highways which connect the neighboring states, roads for public transport, railroads for trolleys and coasters etc. Airports and ships are also used as a medium of transport. The airport of San Diego is located close to the downtown area. On arriving at San Diego airport, the visitors and tourists are given information by volunteering airport ambassadors. They provide information regarding airport and other travel facilities. The highways and roads of San Diego County are quite affordable and good for transport. The visitors can

The California-Riverside Community Garden Essay

The California-Riverside Community Garden - Essay Example The purpose of establishing a garden within the campus was to ensure that the university and the community members had a place where they could grow fruits and vegetables. The location of the UCR community garden is next to the parking lot 30 close to the corner of Canyon Crest Drive, and Martin Luther King Boulevard. Notably, the Riverside region in California has a history of rigorous real estate activities. The California-Riverside community is one of the regions that experienced numerous adverse effects of the economic crisis. This factor triggered many community members to rely on soup kitchens and food banks. However, the main challenge was that the community lacked supplies of fresh produce. One of the graduates from the university named Fortino Morales initiated the idea of setting aside some space within the University for a Community Garden. In order to ensure that the idea was viable, the community coordinated by students from the University and carried a pilot project in 2009. Notably, the project faced certain challenges but proved to be successful (French). Currently, the university has a three-acre community garden that serves as evidence that the students and the community are promoters of the environmental agenda, as well as the global food initiatives. The University has proven to be environmentally friendly because of establishing this garden. When I visited the garden, a great percentage was all green while the remaining percentage was under preparation for planting. Fortino Morales, the concept developer of the UCR community garden envisioned an innovative project that would take place in phases. For this reason, the project began with a quarter an acre and later expanded to a current three acres. The garden has numerous plots ready for use by either the community members or students. Individuals willing to use the plots can access tools, seeds, as well as water free of charge. In addition, the compost used in the plots comes from the UCR dining services (French). For this reason, the community garden supports the recycling of kitchen wastes, which is a strategy of protecting the environment.

Health Risk of an Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Risk of an Abortion - Essay Example The law of abortion was passed so that these people could be legally allowed to do whatsoever they may feel like. None the less it would not be wrong to say that the anti-abortionists came up with some pretty valid points, but then again it is on one’s freedom whether or not to cut short the birth process or continue with it. (Mohr, 1979) For decades now, abortion has been a hot topic and the same will continue to be the case in the years to come. Anti-Abortionists on the other hand agree in unison that it is pretty much in defiance as laid down in the holy books to commit such a heinous act like abortion. The rationale that can be provided here is that if at any point in time it was in defiance with the laws, then it is between the woman under question as she is the one who will be the recipient of chastisement with regards to the abortion decision that she has taken. A number of people are of the view that abortion can threaten a mother’s life and hence should be deemed as illegal right from the onset. Again there are some opinions which suggest that if the mother does not want to have the baby then it would be best to at least give birth to the newborn and give it to some orphan house so that those women who do not have children in their lives can raise their families in accordance. This seems pretty valid since giving a newborn for the sake of adoption is a good route none the less if a family is against the birth and the eventual raise of the baby. This is due to the fact that at times it has been seen that these children suffer immensely as they sit for ages in the orphanages making them look like unwanted guests in this world. Studies have shown that the health issues related with abortion could include breast cancer, clinical depression, increase in mortality rate and reproductive issues to surface within a woman. This means that all of these tangents are highlighted in a significant manner by abortion which indeed mars the very

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homework - Research Paper Example ‘Government Study of Marijuana Sees Medical Benefits’ by Strolberg presents a research directed by the government in a bid to understand the effects of marijuana on humans. In this regard, the research outcome indicated that marijuana is very beneficial when used carefully under close supervision. In this regard, it is pointed out that some of the current medication do not contain some elements such as cannabinoids, which has very high medicinal value. Moreover, the article pinpoints that there is no probability of the use of marijuana by persons who use it for medical purposes later in life. In addition, the article points out that there is no link between the use of marijuana and other hard drugs; use of marijuana does not lead to the use of hard drugs later in life. Since there has been regulations restricting the use of marijuana, the fact that the research was directed by the government, and found results that indicated the merits derived from medicinal marijuana, t hen the outcome was observed as a big blow to the current regulation. The second article, ‘Legalizing of Marijuana Raises Health Concerns’ by Rabin, Roni present an issue on legislation on the use of marijuana for recreation purposes by various states in the United states of America. In this regard, the two articles addresses the issue of legislation of marijuana, which might lead to an increase in the number of people using the drug. In addition, the two article agrees that the use of marijuana with no supervision might have negative effect on the health of the consumers; â€Å"Increased potency may be having unforeseen consequences. The human brain’s cannabinoid receptors are typically activated by naturally occurring chemicals in the body called endocannabinoids, which are similar to THC. It is revealed that, there is a high density of cannabinoid receptors in parts of the brain that affect pleasure, memory and concentration. Some research suggests that these areas continue to be affected by marijuana use even after the â€Å"high† dissipates† ( Rabin, 2013 para 8) and â€Å"Marijuana smoke, they said, is even more toxic than tobacco smoke, and can cause cancer, lung damage and complications during pregnancy† (Strolberg 1999, para 9). According to Reni’s findings, teenagers are more vulnerable to additions, especially those that begin the smoking habits at a tender age get exposed to higher risks because young people who staring smoking early tend to smoke more and often. According to Roni’s records, researchers have pointed that users that develop such additions cannot quit and even when they quit, some negative impacts affect them greatly. This is because withdrawal symptoms; lack of appetite, mood swings, depression, anxiety, troubled sleep, and irritability revolves around their life. This becomes difficult for them to bear and many of them go back into smoking to gain energy and overcome the sympto ms. Such young people end up unproductive and thus, it qualifies the in posing of such regulations that government use of the drug. In some states, regulations have been passed to try to control the age at which legal marijuana can be used. For instance, in Washington, only adults aged twenty-one and above are allowed legally to use the drug for creational purposes. On the other hand, experts have different views about marijuana because the stigma associate with it has slowly eroded away and more and more

Management and Leadership development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management and Leadership development - Essay Example Based upon the overall theories defined in part 1, this part will define and provide practical application of the same. There has been a consistent increase in the way technology is changing over the period of time. The changing nature of technology also changes the overall consumer preferences and choices as customers are given more and more choices as technology improves over the period of time. In such a scenario, a company likes Orange UK which operates in the telecommunication industry needs to continuously focus upon the leadership which can easily visualize such future scenarios and prepare the firm for the future.( Avolio, 2011) Leadership management therefore holds significant importance for Orange to continue to dominate the market and remain as one of the leading telecommunication services providers in the country.( Bernel, 2009) Leadership is considered as one of the ways through which management and staff can effectively communicate with each other.( Arendt et al., 2005). Orange is basically an owned company by the French Telecom which remained a government owned entity for longer period of time. It is still owned by the Government of France as the majority shareholder however, it is operating like a private corporation. Over the period of time, overall management structure changed in UK with different leadership and management structures put in place. This may result into the development of leadership at the individual business unit level.( Kelly-Hiedenthal , 2004) It is important to note that Orange changed the overall structure of its Board and management in 2008 making it more adaptive to the customer changes. The more important and significant leadership management issue therefore pertains to the inability of Orange UK to actually design an overall structure which suits the changing customer needs.( Brooks,2012).   Telecommunication industry has

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy - Research Paper Example The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc which comprised of the eastern European countries. The US aided the western European countries for post war recovery and later formed NATO to contain communism. The two powers never had direct military action, but the period contained sets of high tension crisis and race for supremacy. Different doctrines were followed over time to contain spread of communism. The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to worst patch of relationship between the two. Strait of Hormuz forms a bottleneck at the Persian Gulf, therefore, a strategic position to control the oil flow from the region (Rodrigue, 2004). The Afghanistan invasion brought Soviet Union in close proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, which could have been accessed through invasion of Iran. Soviet actions posed threat to the stability of the entire region. US along with other countries were dependant on the oil for functioning of their economies. The supply was also crucial for the military to maintain its operational capabilities. Saudi Arabia, therefore, was assured of security by US from communist adversaries. Iran was a key ally in the region to guard against spread of communism. Iran and Saudi Arabia were given aid to counter Soviet Union and ensure stability in the region. The Iranian revolution in 1979 complicated the situation; therefore, a new doctrine had to be formulated. The exclusion of Iran demanded a doctrine to present suitable threat to guard against spread of Soviets in the region and to find reliable replacement for supply of oil to US. President Carter’s doctrine was a paradigm shift from previous doctrines of President Truman, Eisenhower and Nixon. It was aimed to make clear the importance of the Persian Gulf as key vital interest. The doctrine made clear that any effort by hostile power to block the flow of oil from the Persian Gulf would be considered an attack on US vital interest and would be dealt with military force. It was a direct warni ng to the Soviet Union to stay out of the region (Stork, 1980). The doctrine also demanded close cooperation of surrounding countries in the region to support against this security threat. Implementation Rapid Deployment Force The US did not have significant military presence in the region at the time of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The US was dependant mainly on the NATO, which were conventional strategic forces and needed time to start its operation. President Carter formed Rapid Deployment Force, which was aimed to respond to international crisis immediately. The force consisted of five Army divisions and was stationed near the Persian Gulf. Elements of all four arms i.e. Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine were incorporated in the organization of the force. The major aim was to create deterrence for the Soviet Union against possible intervention in the region and to ensure continuation of the oil flow from the Persian Gulf (Noel, 2006). The force was mobile and did not require f orward military bases as compared to NATO deployment. Nuclear Policy Nuclear weapons were used as deterrence as well but its policy kept changing over time. The Carter Administration outlined the US policy for use of nuclear weapons. The new policy stressed that US must remain prepared to fight a protracted nuclear war (Siracusa & Coleman, 2001). Nuclear deterrence was used before Carter, but its new policy was aimed at backing

European Court of Justice Turner v Grovit and Harada Essay

European Court of Justice Turner v Grovit and Harada - Essay Example Anti-suit injunction is defined as â€Å"an order of the court requiring the injunction defendant not to commence or to cease to pursue, or not to advance particular claims within, or to take steps to terminate or suspend court or arbitration proceedings in a foreign country†1. The definition of anti-suit injunction claims that under this legal framework, none of the defendants or plaintiffs can take the assistance to obtain undue advantages of a foreign legislation apart from the country wherein the dispute took place. It is usually observed in case of cross-border disputes that the litigants perceive that they can take the advantage by shifting the proceedings in their home country, with the expectation to obtain a favourable judgement to the case ruling2. In order to disregard this belief of the litigants, anti-suit injunction has been introduced3.Arguably, anti-suit injunctions are often regarded as interference to the disputes in foreign courts. Addressing this particular issue, the discussion henceforth will evaluate whether the considerable of anti-suit injunction as an act of interference by a foreign court is justifiable. Illustrative examples will also be sought from various cases, including the landmark case of Turner v Grovit (C-159/02) [2005] 1 AC 101 in order to strengthen the rationalization of the arguments in this essay. The case of Turner v Grovit, decided in April 2004, is considered one of the landmark cases in the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which apparent denotes the legislative implications of anti-suit injunctions to the principle of lis alibi pendens. This case became the basis for the explanation of anti-suit injunction as Turner, the plaintiff, was granted with anti-suit injunction, as a measure to restrict the application of the rule given in correspondence to the re-appeal of the defendant (i.e. Harald Ltd.) in the Spanish court4.  

Moral Standards in the 1960s-1970s Essay Example for Free

Moral Standards in the 1960s-1970s Essay The English social activist Constance Mary Whitehouse was often renowned for her opposition to social liberalism and mainstream media, which she often claimed to be root cause of a more permissive society in Britain. Although, the extent to which we can deem this view valid is debatable. There is evidence leaning on both sides of the argument; but of course it is unquestionable that Britain did see a sudden uprising of permissiveness and overt moral decline to which Whitehouse responded briskly, founding and setting up the ‘National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association’ via which she campaigned against the BBC n the 60’s. The question is; was she justified in going to these lengths to essentially try and censor media? Surely, if she injected such a vast amount of effort into doing so, then she must have some sort of validity in her view? Or perhaps, there were other factors which she did not take into account. The notion of Television being the main medium of influence of this period is irrefutable, with 95% of British households owning one by the end of the 1960s. Although the fact that the government set up the Committee of Inquiry on Broadcasting could in itself suggest that media had partial censorship (thus disallowing any real explicit broadcasts which could lead to a moral decline), they did little to stop, and actually welcomed the hard-hitting ‘social realist’ plays such as ‘up the junction (1965)’ and ‘Come Home Cathy (1966)’, as they were a replacement for the supposedly ‘vulgar’ American style programmes on ITV such as ‘Take Your Pick (1958-66)’ and the Westerns/Crime Dramas which they feared would erode British culture and make people more violent. Though, these plays did could be argued to have ‘worsened’ the situation as, for example, ‘Up the Junction’ depicted quite a graphic and powe rful home abortion scene, and it is suggested that this may have been one of the causes of the 1967 Abortion Act to be passed; which of course consequently lead to relaxation in attitudes towards sex as there was now an passage, or a ‘life-line’ a woman could use if any accidental impregnation occurred, thus increasing levels of promiscuity. Furthermore, in ‘a taste of honey’ (also part of this social realism movement that swept through theatres in the 60’s), as well as abortion again being key factor in it, there is also an occurrence of a ‘one night stand’, not an ordinary one night stand however, an interracial one night stand. Although this was a very extreme case of moral rebellion, critically it could have lead to the British public to perceiving promiscuity as well as interracial relationships (seen as immoral, abnormal at this time) to be more acceptable, a norm. In other words, the British public would in theory be bellowing â€Å"if she can do it, why can’t I?!† . The Press also have a part to play in this; they contributed largely to a new permissive air in the media when they initiated their launch of colour supplements, sexualised adverts and scandalous news stories and significantly the first female nipple was published by media tycoon Rupert Murdoch who believed this would help the circulation of his paper, The Sun. This conveys the extent to which media was now overtly promoting permissiveness, and could suggest that this directly influenced a more permissive society as the public were fully exposed to these new developments which eased them into a new, more open and bold mind set. Conversely, there is evidence to suggest that Media was not only responsible for the ‘decline in moral standards’, as quoted by Whitehouse. Touching back onto the subject of ‘press’, although it did absolutely encourage some air permissiveness, the Obscene Publications Acts of 1959 and 1964 to an extent conflict that view. These acts were designed to ‘strengthen’ law around public obscenity, in particular the publication of obscene articles and materials used in them. This could thus suggest that there were in fact some restrictions on media, and that they couldn’t possibly fully hold the blame for arousal of permissiveness and decline in moral standards in this period. Additionally, although the ‘powerful’ scene in ‘Up the Junction’ could be blamed for the passing of the Abortion Act in 1967,it is commonly known that it only eased the passage of it, and it was primarily David Steel’s campaign that led the way to this debatably radical change. Prior to the Abortion Act, there were approximately 106,000 illegal abortions a year, and many were sceptical about the idea that the number of abortions would increase when the act was passed as they believed although people had the freedom, it wouldn’t necessarily mean they would exercise it. They were wrong, after a year in 1968 the number of abortions per annum rose by 35,000 to 141,000 a year. This strongly suggests that the Abortion Act itself influenced a more permissive and unmoral society as it offered more freedom to the public in regards to sex and promiscuity. Prior to the passing of the Divorce Act of 1969, divorce was only permitted when there was sufficient evidence exhibiting that one party of the relationship had committed adultery, and statistics show that there were few than two divorces per 1000 married couples. The Divorce Reform Act allowed couples to divorce if they had lived apart for two years and both wanted it or if they had lived apart for five years and one partner wanted it. Following the reform there was a huge increase in the number of divorces, by the mid-1970s nearly one in every two marriages ended in divorce. Although it could be argued that this was due to the growing independence of women, it’s hard to deny that the act had a large effect on this. This thus indicates to us that media was not entirely responsible for the lack or decline of moral standards as legislation such as this, did essentially promote more promiscuity as it gave married couples the freedom to split up and do as they please. In analysing the range of factors, we can conclude that Mary Whitehouse’s view that the media was responsible for the morale decline of the 60’s and 70’s was somewhat valid, as there are a spectrum of sources and pieces of evidence that intrinsically link together and in turn paint a picture where the British society are heavily influenced by media. This was perhaps due to fact that the public at this time, and still to this day, are heavily consumed by the media and are enthralled in its controversy, and although it may not have so much of a profound effect on us today it is obvious people of that period were more vulnerable to it as just coming out of a period of Austerity and slight deprivation, more likely than not they were seeking for something new something fresh, something that kept up with the social norms of other major influences such as America- and perhaps unfortunately, these new trends often entailed social rebellion and permissiveness. And althoug h legislation had a part to play in it, this only ensured de jure change, not always de facto, where as media more times out of 10 had de facto and more profound effect on the British society of the 1960s/70s.

Evaluation of Human Development Theories

Evaluation of Human Development Theories This essay is going to give a critical reflection of human development theories. It will compare and contrast human development theories, linking the theories to the events observed of a child aged three and a half years in a nursery setting, over six weeks. It will also evaluate the recording method used and what I have learnt relevant to the social work practice. For the purpose of maintaining confidentiality in accordance with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC), (2012), Guidance on Conduct and Ethics for Students, the child has been named under the pseudonym of Eva. Eva is a three and a half year old girl of black African origin and lives with her parents. She is the youngest in a family of three and has a sister and a brother. Both her parents work full time and she attends nursery full time. The nursery offers a wide range of activities and encourages free play. Observation Log 1 Cognitive Development I conducted six observations on Eva, over a period of six week in a nursery setting and one of the theories I was able to link to the observations, is the cognitive development theory. This theory is associated with the work of Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and his work focused on understanding how children view the world. Piaget believed that from infancy, we have the basic mental structure on which all subsequent knowledge and learning are based and due to biological maturation and environmental experience, the mental processes will have a progressive reorganization. Piagets assumption was that children are active participates in the development of knowledge and they adapt to the environment through actively seeking to understand their environment. He suggested that cognitive development happens in four stages, 0 to 2 years being the sensori motor, 2 years to 7 years the preoperational, 7 to 12 years the concrete operations, and 12 years and above the formal operations. (Beckett and Tayl or 2010) According to Crawford and Walker (2008), Piaget assumed that in the preoperational stages, (the stage Eva is) children have not yet mastered the ability to apprehend, offer judgment, inference or think actions through. He believed that children in this stage are considered to be egocentric by showing difficulty in seeing things from a point of view other that their own. They also engage in monologues, in which they will be talking, but not interacting with each other. During my observation, this was really evident and I noticed it on several occasions on Eva and the other children during free play. (Appendix ..) They also focus their attention on one aspect of the situation and have difficulty seeing that a situation may have a number of dimensions. Piaget called this centration and this was also shown in Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. They also lack reversibility by failing to understand that working backwards can restore whatever existed before. Piaget also believed that children build their understanding of the world through activities for example dramatic play. This was evident when the nursery class was rehearsing for the Christmas concert. She showed an understanding that a baby needs feeding and also talking to. At the preoperational stage they also learn skills like drawing, language and sort objects in groups. This was demonstrated in Appendix .. and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. . This showed that she understand the concept of shapes, objects and drawing skills. However, Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), also did a study on cognitive growth and did not see children as individual explorers of knowledge, but as learners from social interactions. He emphasised the role of language and the importance of relationships and interactions between children and adults. He believed that the members of the culture, for example teacher, parents or siblings, construct the childs learning. While Piaget believed that children should not be presented with problems and materials beyond their developmental ability, Vygotsky believed that a knowledgeable adult can help them achieve the skills through what he termed as scaffolding. He referred this period of scaffolding as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). For example during my observation Eva was playing with wooden blocks and was supposed to fit them through holes. (Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The teacher helped her to fit in one of the blocks and later she managed to fit in the rest. Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children build their knowledge through experiences. However, Piaget believed this happened through exploration with hands on activities. In contrast, Vygotsky believed that learning was not limited by stage or maturation. He believed that children move forward in their cognitive development with the right social interaction and guided learning. He argued that they learn through interactions, social and cultural experiences and interactions with adults. Vygotsky saw the adult as vital to the process of scaffolding the childs learning. Piagets concept have been criticised of denying other aspects of thinking such as intuition and creativity and also not examining and explaining individual differences in children. Vygotskys theory draws attention to the role of social and culture interaction and identifies the principle of scaffolding in the childrens learning. Nevertheless, Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that the children actively participant in their intellectual development. Observation Log 2 Play and Learning As I was doing my observations, I noticed that Eva was engaging in play when I was observing her for other developmental theories. According to Szarkowicz (), this is because play can be used in many different ways by children and it is an authentic way for them to demonstrate their competence in a range of developmental areas. Szarkowicz () states that, children engage in play either from a social perspective or from a cognitive perspective. When interpreting how Eva engaged in play, I can use Partens (1932) social stages of play. Partens theory looked at the social aspects of play, particularly the way play develops from being an individual solitary activity into a cooperative social experience. Parten (1932), categorised childrens play into six stages, unoccupied play, solitary play where a child plays alone and onlooker play (Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) where the child watches others play and this is to about 2 years. The other stages that can be seen from the age of 4 are parallel play (Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), where the child plays with similar toys next to another child or children, associative play where the child plays near others and share the same toys and cooperative play where the children who play together with the same toys (Appendix..). Bee and Boyd () states that, the ability to join groups of other children, and the desire to do so begins, at an early age and progresses through a developmental sequence. Parten discovered that children of different ages actually played together differently. They engage in different levels or categories of social play. However the stages of play are not in sequence and children may often engage in different stages of social pla y depending on factors such as the childs familiarity with the situation, temperament, or playmates. This was evident in Evas play and what surprised me was that she actually played in all the stages.( Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) According to Piaget (1972) play promotes mental and social abilities and helps children learn how to express and manage their feelings. Piaget argued that for children to think things through they need to play and by doing so, play facilitates and transforms the childrens thought processes. He categorised play into sensory motor, symbolic and games with rules. He proposed that when in infancy up to about to 2 years, a child is in the sensory motor stage and uses motor skill and senses to explore objects and their environment. During the preoperational stage, children engage in imaginary games and fantasy role play which he called symbolic play. (Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) And finally in the concrete operations stage, children are capable to play games following rules of games. Piaget saw play as assimilation of new materials into existing cognitive structures and in his analysis he saw play as relaxed practice time rather than time for learning and grasping in new information. (Casper and Theilheimer 2009) I also looked at other theories and Smilansky (1968) proposed three stages of play based her work with Piagets but expanded to include functional play which takes place in the first two years. Smilansky (1968) identified four types of play thus, functional play, constructive play, dramatic play, and games with rules. However, his work emphasised the importance of considering the childs cognitive development when exploring the childs levels of play. (Casper and Theilheimer 2009) According to Sheridan (), children discover the world through play and they use their senses and movements. Play is a way of constructing knowledge, developing intellectual abilities and building social skills. Piaget believed that a child could use play to mirror obnoxious experiences or experiences where he or she had no power. He believed that children often imitate and role play an adult who has power for example a teacher who is ferocious because they can imagine themselves in the position of power and this facilitates them to deal with being powerless. This is also common with children witnessing or involved in violent households. Observation Log 2 Language Development The next theory I considered in my observation is the language developmental theory and I looked at the theories Chomsky, Piaget and Vygotsky. I believe language is an important part in human development because it a major medium of social interaction. According to Beckett and Taylor (), the vocabulary of children between the ages of 3 to 6 expands from 2 word sentence to more complex sentences. They believe that as the childrens vocabulary increase, they learn the rules of grammar and they become able to use different forms of words. Whilst I was observing Eva, I noticed that most of her conversation and responses were two or three word sentences and it made me more interested on language development. Chomsky (1957) believed that sentences are routinely created practically every time. He believed that we have internal rules that enable us to decide which sentences are grammatical correct and convey our intended meanings. Chomsky believed that children have innate abilities, a genetic program to learn language and once they begin to hear language around them, they automatically understand the structure of that language. He argued that this is because of the biological dispositions, brain development and cognitive readiness. His theory emphasises the need for language in the environment to stimulate childrens innate abilities. (Crain 2005) According to Piagets theory, children are born with basic action schemas and during the sensory-motor period (birth to 2 years) they use these action schemas to assimilate information about the world. Piagets theory suggested that during the preoperational stage childrens language rapidly progress due to the development of their mental schemas, which allow them to accommodate new words and build simple sentences. (Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) Piagets theory describes childrens language as symbolic, allowing them to venture beyond what is termed as here and now. During this stage children engage in small talks about things as the past, the future, people, feelings and events. They begin to build sentences of three or more words and their grammar becomes complex. They start to use Where, What, Why, for example, What is that? (Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) Piaget proposed that, during the sensory-motor period, childrens language is egocentric and they talk either for themselves or for amusement. During this period, their language often shows instances of what Piaget termed animism and egocentrism. Animism refers to childrens tendency to consider everything to be alive, including non-living objects. Since they see things entirely from their own perspective, their language suggests their egocentrism. Vygotskys theory of language development suggests that children begin by realising that words are symbols for objects and they develop curiosity to what objects are called. It is then followed by the egocentric or private speech stage from 4 to 7 years, where they often talk aloud to themselves as they perform tasks or solve problems. Finally the private speech wanes and speech becomes more internalised. Piaget and Chomsky both agreed that children are not moulded by the external environment but they create mental structures on their own accord. Chomsky proposed that children automatically create grammatical forms according to the genetic design and in contrast, Piaget proposed that cognitive structures emerge from the childs own effort. Chomsky also believed that language is a highly specialised mental faculty that progresses independently and children learn entirely on their own. However, Piaget viewed language as more closely related to general cognitive development. Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children are active learners and they contribute to their own development. They both believed that children build ways of understanding and knowledge of the world through their activities. However, Piaget believes it happens primarily through physical manipulation of objects around them and Vygotsky that it is socially mediated. Language development deals with how a child develops his/her language skills during their growth period. Nativists (Chomsky) believe that language is innate and unique to humans. Cognitive theorists (Piaget) believe language is not innate but a product of cognitive development. Finally, social interactionists (Vygotsky) believe that language acquisition is a result of both biological and environmental factors. Evaluation of the observation process (how I managed the process and as an observer how may have affected the process) Evaluation of recording method Reflection (feelings, attitudes, beliefs and professional values, anti oppressive) Ruch (2009) states that, reflective practice enables the practitioners to acknowledge the actual or potential emotional impact of the observation and be able to transfer the awareness to practice. What I learnt McKinnon (2009), states that child observation is a process which enable the worker to be responsive rather than intrusive through watching and listening in an alert and informed way that raises awareness and sharpens understanding. It involves learning how to monitor feelings and reactions and how they can provide information. The observation process provided me with an opportunity to focus on the vulnerability, resilience and the relative powerless of children in a nursery setting. It also provides me with knowledge and skills on how to conduct an observation and according to McKinnon (2009), well developed observational skills can act as a safeguard. It also provided me with an opportunity to discover and have a deeper understanding of how children communicate, play, engage with adults and most importantly about their development. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE As a social worker student I need to have knowledge on human life course development in order to understand their use in practice as the practice requires me to take a holistic approach and understanding of an individuals circumstances. Social work practice involves interactions between people, which are influenced by each persons life course and their experience and perceptions about their own life. As a social worker student I need to have and understanding of how people develop and place peoples life situations in the context of the expectations of normal life course development. This will enable me to appreciate that a persons experience, their growth and life experiences have a direct impact on who they are and how they see their world. The social work profession is based on the supposition that people can be helped and supported to change and grow as a result of their experiences. Therefore, in order for me to be sensitive and appropriate in my communications with people and in the services I offer and provide, I need to appreciate and understand their life course and what makes them who they are. Understanding how people grow and develop is central to the role and task of a professional social worker. Crawfor d and Walker (2007) Evaluation As you examine different theories of development, you will find that some (such as Erikson and Piaget) are criticised for being too committed to identifying stages, ignoring the diversity which is found in psychosocial experience and behaviour -while others are criticised for failing to take account of the sequence in which changes occur, not being clear enough about which changes become possible at which stage, and which changes are ruled out until a certain level of maturity is reached. According to Moffatt (1996) argued that some models of human development are cultural biased and they did not include some aspect for example persons experience, race, class, gender and sexual orientation. All of these theories have their own way of interpreting language development, and to some extent, they all seem to be highly convincing. However, out of the four theories, the social interactionist view appeals to me the most; so my theory of language development is definitely the social interactionist view. Unlike Piaget, Vygotski considered language to be key to development. Although Piaget acknowledged language with development with terms such as egocentric speech, he did not believe it predominant, saying it was due to the childs inability to think from another perspective. Vygotski however, believed talking out loud gives the child a way to organize their thoughts and guide their actions.

Reflective Assessment of Education Research

Reflective Assessment of Education Research I am visual by my learning style. And I captured some wonderful memory in my development immersion exposer programme with the help of entire faculty of DMI, Patna and whose shown faith on me and whole team member of AKRSP(I), Khandwa. Faculties of DMI given me a spectacle to look through it into the village and AKRSP(I) given me filter for that spectacle to extract precise information which may relevant for our study. I enjoyed working with AKRSP(I) and our stay in the village, which was an incredible experience of my life and created a solid base for my future learning. In this experiential learning, we learn that field learning is very different from classroom learning. First, think I learned is that how to handle the question comes from the villager, because your answer can create hope in their mind and in the field you cant make any statement which you cant fulfil and create any type of hope. I learned that how to simplify our question to extract information from the villager because they think simple and they are for away from bookish knowledge. Second, think I learned that how to properly utilise the water for your daily activities. Because we only get 60 litres of water for all our daily activity and I learned how to manage. Third, think learned that how to harvest the useful data and arrange in the proper format for proper utilisation. Because you have to make all calculation, if you asked any calculation related question then you will get garbage, because they will through anything in their answer, so you have to be very precise in your question. If you want to find expenditure of the household for a year, then you have to ask their daily expenditure then weekly expenditure and any occasional expenditure then you have to calculate and project that outcomes to yearly level. The fourth thing I learned about the small cultural and ritual event, that how they attached with their emotion which prevents them from permanent migration. We have attended a fair in Golkheda. That was a huge fair around the temple of Moti Mata. After interacting with them we found that people from all around 30 km of the radius with their own mean of transport like motorcycle, bullock, and tractor. The fifth thing I learned that how to engage the villager in your activity and talk to make a repo for extracting valuable information, I also learned to break gathering politely for moving on to other important work or topic. And I also learned how to express gratitude to them from we learned something or who helped me in learning something before leaving from that place. And last but not the least I understand the real obstacle and roadblocks for the development, whatre the things really obstructing the development of the people, and here we see that poverty doesnt mean that lack of money, peoples are poor from knowledge, education, behaviour, unity, etc. Executive summary This report is based on the one-month full-time residential study of the village Ghamanpura, Ghagharla, Dalmahu during our 6-week first module of the experiential learning segment, that called Development Immersion. In this report, we tried to highlight the socio-economic comparison between these three villages, which are non-intervened, economically backwards containing a majority of tribal community Korku, which was known as a tribal hunter-gathering community and permanent resident in the lap of the forest under Satpura mountain range. These tribal people are very laborious, but due to lack of proper intervention, they are not able to make rhythm with the outer world. In these villages, which comes under Aw Agro-climatic zone, we found that lands are rocky, but fertile for cash crops like cotton, banana, sugarcane. But these cash crops required lots of Agri-input varying from seeds to drip irrigation, which required lots of money. So, in the scarcity, they are waiting for priming to start a new journey. In this region, the primary source of livelihood is agriculture, but they are forced to shift secondary source wage labour in the scarcity of proper resources of money and irrigation. These tribal have potential, but in the scarcity of resources their potential is utilised by few rich farmers and they have deprived of their right entitlement. These tribal is the owner of the land as wealthy, but they are poor, not fully in the sense of money but also in education, knowledge and technics. These are simple and honest people and happy in their life. But they need attention to pull them and join them with the mainstream of development. The government had intervened in these villages with the help of Anganwadi and Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan, to fight with the darkness of illiteracy and malnutritions, but its not adequate and they required to stand up on their feet and required support for making their livelihood sustainable. They want to develop and earn pride, thats why they oneself are illiterate, but sending their children to school and allow them to educate as much they want., but rapidly increasing inflation forced their child to leave the school and start earning for their livelihood. In this region women are still extremely backwards in their social status and locked in their houses after earning a livelihood for their family too, women have no role in any type of decision-making regarding their family, society, or village. This report also contains the SWOT analysis of these villages and a proposal for revamping this tribal community in a socio-economical way. A 3-E exercise in Annexure gives us they the way through which we can intervene in these villages.

As Gass To Cars :: essays papers

As Gass To Cars As gas to cars, food is human’s source of energy. If there is no food there is no energy,If there is no energy the body cannot work, in other words, dies. But the concept of food has changed throughout history. In fact, the concept of food in one period differs from one place to the other and from one class to another. Food serves from a surviving necessity, to a luxury, to a consolation of the soul. Personally, I think that people today have forgotten about the main function of food, and instead of eating to live they live to eat. A lot of people today say that they only eat to survive. They justify their opinion by saying that they eat when they are hungry and hunger is a signal from the body saying that it is in need of energy. I do not agree with them. For example, I think that people today are answering the call of cravings rather than that of hunger. Also, I think that a lot of people today eat to sooth their souls rather than their bodies. Furthermore, considering what people are putting in their bodies as a source of energy makes you expect a chemical explosion. Firstly, if people were eating to satisfy true hunger, then they would settle with anything that they could put in their mouths and fill their tummies with. But no, today their body is calling for chocolate, yesterday their body was in need of a source of energy imported from China, and who knows what will happen next? Maybe tomorrow their body won’t function with anything less than Italian gas. Secondly, today a lot of people seek comfort in food. When people feel empty inside, they try to fill up that emptiness with food. On a personal level, when I’m feeling down I always think that a chocolate bar or a couple scoops if ice cream would pick me up. When I’m feeling excited or hyper, I look for potato chips or salted crackers. And when I feel tense or under pressure, I feel the need of a combination of both sweets and salties. Thirdly, sometimes you are just shocked at what people eat and the amounts they take. Come on, nobody needs all that energy even if they are going to jog all around the world.

The Inflammatory N Word :: Media Racism Essays

The Inflammatory N Word   Ã‚  Ã‚   The evening of February 25, 2002 started innocuously enough. My daughter Elena is an avid fan of the television show, Boston Public (Fox), and she was looking forward to watching the newest episode. Because Boston Public can contain controversial subjects, I monitor the show while my kids are watching it. The issues addressed in a kid-friendly show turn into a good starting point for discussions with my two teenage children. The new episode not only turned out to be the epitome of controversy; it was the beginning of new type of dialogue with my children.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I had not intended to watch the television show "Boston Public" (Fox), but when I saw the topic of the show, I set aside my homework and soon became engrossed. The February 25th episode centered on the inflammatory N word (Randall Kennedy) when two boys, one white and the other black, affectionately call each other n----r. Another boy, also black, objects to white person calling a black person this word and a fight ensues. When the teacher discovers the reason for the altercation, he assigns the class to read n----r – The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word, by Randall Kennedy. The class discussion that follows causes controversy with the administration of the school because the teacher leading the discussion is not an African-American. The show ends with the principal, who is black, teaching the class instead. After the show concluded, my daughter and I had a fiery discussion about the issues raised in the show. Elena felt it was entirely appropriate that only a n African-American can teach a class on the N word. I was unhappy with the ending and felt that it would have more impact if the principal and the teacher conducted the class together. One thing both of us agreed on – we had many questions and wanted more information than what a television show could give us so we decided to purchase Mr. Kennedy’s book and learn more on the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the origins of racial slurs and why are they used? While it was impossible to find the exact origins of racial slurs, it seems that through out history, there is always a history of an oppressed race or religion. Part of this oppression has been the use of words to help the "powerful" remain in control. Alarmingly, some of these racial slurs have even slipped into every day language.

Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert Essay

Comparing Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and My Last Duchess by Robert Browning. â€Å"Ulysses† was written by Lord Tennyson and is a poem about a mythical Greek character and is a dramatic monologue. Another poem that is a dramatic monologue is â€Å"My Last Duchess†, by Robert Browning. Both poems are similar, for example they are both structured similarly, and are both different, one difference being their subject. In this essay I will compare the two poems, focusing on form, and how language helps to build up subject matter. Ulysses is a Greek mythical character, and was famous for being a pirate, ransacking villages and being a warrior. In Greek literature, Ulysses just seemed to disappear after he got home, and Tennyson decided to write about Ulysses and his thoughts after ‘retiring’ from fighting. The poem is written in verse, and seems to be either a dramatic monologue or monologue interior. It is hard to know which one, as a dramatic monologue must have a listener (other than the audience. Ulysses is talking to someone, his dead soldiers, but as they are deceased it is difficult to decide if they count as a listener to the poem. â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning was written in the same era as â€Å"Ulysses† and is written in Verse. This poem is different to â€Å"Ulysses† as this poem is about a fictional character which is created by Browning. This is a Dramatic Monologue, as the duke (the character created by Browning) is talking to the servant of the father of a possible bride. To create the effect of speech, Browning uses Iambic Pentameter, which helps to imitate the rhythm of conversational speech, and enjambment frequently. The use of language to present the subject matter is important for both poets. I... ...is displeasure from his wife and why, almost acting as a warning to his next wife. So a poem about the â€Å"Last Duchess† is actually a poem about the Duke’s likes and dislikes, which again helps to subtly build up the self centred nature of the character without revealing too much and loosing the readers’ interest. Both poems are similar and different in many different ways. The most obvious similarity to both poems is their form, but if we look deeper into the poem we see that their content and their characters are very similar. However, some differences still remain in the poem. The main subject matter for both poems is death, but the two poems have different feelings towards death. For the Duke, it is something ordered and controlled by him, but for Ulysses, even though he has encountered death within his life so much he cannot accept that he will die.

Business document comparisons Essay

Document name Public council letter Thank you letter for participating in a marathon for a charity Purpose of the document To inform a member of the community to put a halt to the constant barking of their dog between certain times of the night To congratulate a member who took part in the run of a marathon for charity and thank him/her for His/her efforts in participation. Also inform the participant of his/her position in the competition. Target audience Specified house owner ages 18+ Specified participant in competition. Writing style and tone. Formal language but written so that the matter is taking seriously with no use of passive language i. e. â€Å"please can you stop that dog barking, but don’t worry if you cant do it straight away† because this takes a sense of seriousness away from the letter. A congratulating and formal passage of writing. Specified to respect the recipient and his/her efforts. Presentation style This document is not set out to attract or catch the eyes of people; it is purely to present the recipient with the purpose/problem. So a variety of colours and shades are not used as there is no reason to. This document is based as a certificate with a letter. As it was produced to congratulate someone’s achievement. it has lots of colours and images on the topic of sport. Layout Logo. Address of recipient and councils address. Text (the main point/purpose of the document). Signature from person who wrote the letter. Logo. Address of recipient and councils address. Text (the main point/purpose of the document). Signature from person who wrote the letter. Accuracy, clarity and consistency The letter was made for its purpose; the letter goes straight to the point and does need anything else. The writing is specific and formal, with no spelling mistakes. It is also sticking to specifics and with formal language. It is more recipient friendly, what I mean by this is that the language is congratulatory towards the person and is of less urgency, in the way that something has been done wrong and needs to be acted on. What I would improve I don’t think there is any improvement needed on this invoice, it has said what it has needed to and given the appropriate details for the recipient This is a good letter but I think there is an area of improvement for the presentation style. Dean smith 11k Letter comparison Dean smith 11k Letter comparison.

Healthy and Safety Within the Setting Essay

You provoke believe a new member of round starting and you ar responsible for bragging(a) them every last(predicate) the information on health and gumshoe requirements in your reach they gather up to be aw argon of. Prepare a document/presentation to give to them, which should acknowledge the following information * A sketch explanation of the relevant health and gumshoety device legislation * How you plan and maintain a healthy and effective environment * What factors do you consider when planning the environment to experience natural rubber for entirely. Health and galosh legislation. indoors the early years setting, we take a leak a duty of care. This means looking subsequently the kidskinren and keeping them safe when they are in our care. The health and sentry go at survive act 1974 covers any employment settings at heart great Britain. The requirements within the act are that- Buildings should be well kept and with the keep openative of who ever will be accessing it in mind. The environment as a full should be kept safe and clean. on the whole equipment should be stored in a safe domicile. The way in which the lag lam should promote the safety of children.Health and safety within the setting. The will be policies and procedures coat health and safety within our setting. As en employee you should be aware of all(a) of the health and safety requirements. The setting should be safe for everyone and not pose essay of danger or injury. A organization of safe practice should be in place. whatever chemicals or substances should be stored safely and out of the way of the children. All staff should be given the appropriate discipline and information on the health and safety of the setting and safety regulations. If any rotective turn is needed and then it should be provided innocent of charge. If and serious injuries or diseases were to happen then they should be reported to the health and safety executive. There should be f irst assist equipment provided. A representative of safety should be consulted about any issues partakeing the support low place. All employees should look after their testify health and safety and the of the others around them, where their actions could affect others. The employees should cooperate with their employer on health and safety to ensure they keep a safe working environment.Within our setting. Within our setting we have daily checks covering all areas of the building. These are to be done at the beginning and end of each day. We have risk assessments as well which we practice to prevent hazards. We keep all waste chemicals in the cupboard in the kitchen with a lock on the door. Also the children are not aloud into the kitchen. There is a admission with a lock on to stop them getting through. We have child friendly scissors which are barely used under adult supervision.The cutting tool that we provide the children with is plastic and so are their plates, bowls a nd cups. All the taps on the sinks that the children have access to have a block on them. This prevents them from getting to acerb so the children cannot get burned. We have socket covers on all plug sockets. We do all the cleaning once the children have go away the setting to prevent slips and trips. We have a lock on the front gate and back gate. This is so the children can not get out, but also so that nobody can get in without being let in. ll the radiators have covers on so the children cannot burn themselves on them. Any free standing units the we have, have got locks on the wheels so they hawk be moved or run over a childs foot. We have things on all of the doors to prevent children shutting their finger in them. We make sure we think about all the risks within our setting and we address the business to prevent an accidents happening. We have policies and procedures in place covering all factors of the setting, ensuring we make it as safe an environment for the children a nd employees as possible.

Automobile and Porsche Essay

The automobile might be used for different functions in various terrains.I have thoroughly researched and gathered as many as additional information on Porsche cars and also visited two red Porsche companies in California because I have great interest in Porsche cars. Therefore, I feel deeds that I am credible source.Invention and history of Porsche new cars a. German cars are known to be a very good cars i.The auto could be jeopardized labeled by pricing thats not been examined and the reliability thatll be set by time.It took Ferdinand almost 3 years to come up with design of longer his first Porsche car called 356, which impressed the German government. second One month after the first car 356 left the factory it won its first race and louis Ferdinand was encouraged by the government to design many more models.Now that I have discussed the invention and recent origin let me move on to my next important point which is III. Models/Types of Porsche b.

Cars is going to be.Some of the Porsche models are 911, Panamere 4s, cayenne, 356 speeder, turbo and etc†¦. c. Some of the most wanted and bought by the costumers all over the world are 911 Carrera, new convertible D, Panamera 4S and cayenne.v.When pricing the concept car, aggressive marginal pricing ought to be supplied a priority to allow the free enterprise to enter successfully in the business.IV. Best features and personal Qualities of Porsche d. Best Transmission and small engines vi. Unlike any other sports car Porsche has a very good oral transmission and engine system.

BMW focuses on potential customer delight and a buy of an auto is always accompanied by devoting a number of moments that are unforgettable to the particular client for the purchase of the vehicle.Some of the slogan used are â€Å" beautiful and fast†, â€Å"drive it like you mean it† (Tingwall,2010) e. Comfortable for apply your spines ix. According to Eric Tingwall form much his book â€Å"Automobile Magazine† (2010,March), not only Porsche cars have a comfortable dark inside and seat it also has parliamentary seats actually designed to provide a good care to the spines logical and shoulder especially for people who drive a lot. x.Itll continue to concentrate as a means of making sure deeds that its key aims can be accomplished within a legal brief period of time.Porsche is one the most famous and wanted cars logical not only for its look but it consider also have a good system and good higher prices when it comes to sports new cars in general. Review 1. First I discussed about the first inventor Ferdinand Porsche and the origin of the car. wired And how it’s one the most amazing German car it is.

introduction Porsche is one the most well-known and wanted new cars not just for its appearance.How it is useful in so many ways. Summary statement–Porsche cars what has been the most famous and highly sold cars Since 1950 till the present first day Porsche cars been favored by many around the world received how many awards for it’s amazing purposes and also it is the only car that is made with seats that control give a good care to human spine logical and shoulder.ReferencesEasyStreet; Porsche gets into the business. (2002, December 16).Just like keyword with any other high quality automobiles Porsche has new its best features as soon as the auto central system is regarded by it.ezproxy. etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA95667758&v=2.

Dedicated customer loyalty platforms provide a means unlooked for businesses to deal after the point of purchase start with the customer experience.In J. S. Baughman, V. Bondi, R.The domestic market is diversified and extremely competitive.Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://ic. galegroup. com.

The business is extremely aggressive.Mechanical Engineering-CIME, 113(5), 12.Retrieved extract from http://go. galegroup. com.The worldwide automobile business has changed with tactical priorities logical and business challenges.1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Tingwall, E. (2010, March). Porsche bookshelf. Automobile Magazine, 24(12), 57.

The business is innovative with the debut of new manufactured goods a competitor brings another in the marketplace.etsu. edu:2048/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA219684328&v=2. 1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w Tingwall, E.Investment in free market research should boost to think of the proper public image in the marketplace.galegroup. com. ezproxy. etsu.

Biology Adaptation

adaption definition modification is the crop of how organisms mystify supererogatory bodily structures and home(a) exitinges to alter them to full of life in their environment. comment allowance is the process of how organisms scram finicky structures and inseparable processes to enable them to stomach in their environment. Organisms stinkpot be adapt in dickens ways 1. automobile trunk structure (e. g. modest ears to narrow raise up passage) 2. consistence processes (e. g. Osmoregulation in salmon)General biology Ii line of business go past (Online Class)There be several(prenominal) factors which name allowance to pass away strong-arm Factors * * * different organisms * * * adaptions snatch the pursual savages to the adaptations below, and show why they argon useable. estimate about(predicate) the habitat severally animal cognizes in * gelid return * Camel * commodious whiten cheat Adaptation carnal How is this useful? duncish fur bombard run a pine automobile trunk flesh out stored in a bash qualification to pixilated nostrils Fins baron to olfactory modality countercurrent small ears bloodless pelt Gills grownup Claws atomic number 18naceous morose pig co evilal affection lashes astronomical Feet discerning dentition tier of sniffle Adaptations in Plants Plants withal confound adaptations that process them stand up fail in their environment. Marram blackleg is a keen fashion model of a give which is satisfactory to live in truly prohibitionist conditions, for archetype on vertebral column dune systems. The leaves of the marram flowerpot are competent to delay with the hold in urine supply available in the desert.take to a fault science lab 2 BiologyIn very dry out conditions, the leaves of the marram muckle drop up to nominate long tubes. This helps give out all peeing supply toss off towards the root of the plant. gibe the adaptations of the marram shop at leaves with their function bendable CuticleReduce piddle tone ending with transpiration Stomata drop down in pitsTrap a horizontal show of dampish form besotted to the cockle surface hitchhike HairsProtects the stomata from the wind, reduce water loss through and through drying up furled LeafReduces water loss through evaporation

Family Structure in India

Niranjan, S. Sureender, S. and Rao, G. Rama. Family construction in India secernate from NFHS. demography India. 27(2). 1998. P. 287-ccc. Family affectionate bodily anatomical construction in India secern from NFHS S. Niranjan, S. Sureenderand G. Rama Rao mental hospital With the summation in the urbanisation and industrialization, the impression of family in India, which physical bodyerly was to crap and h doddering in a earthy farming among the processs of the family, is undergoing departs.However harmonize to Beteille (1964), inspite of socio- scotch and goernmental lurchs, family feel and family organize go for hang wizardd as an full(a) ramify of Indian fiat with the sense of smell of family solidarity as the sustaining power. Ross (1961) assemble that numerous Indians went finished dislodges in the example of family in which they put outd in variant sequences enceinte marijuana cigargontte family, littlescopic stick family, atomic family, and atomic family with dependants.DSouza (1971) argues that, the Indian family has been subjected to var. and strain, and inspite of protection to interpolate tout ensemble e really dapple the centuries, is easy undergoing a puzzle out of trans body-build signifi stacktly. fit to Cohen (1981) syndicates be sustained of reputedly been shoplifting in surface of it for ten dollar bill rail flair yard presbyopic darn or much than than than than, right hand up to the gratuity, and this is a end calculate of an evolving engineering that requires slight(prenominal) co-operating flock to de hinge on food, fag end babyren, and tang aft(prenominal) the soft judgmented.Though it is s e actuallyplaceleaply mat up that spliff families, whose genus Ph entirelyuss were alternate unneurotic by ties of greenness breed and putting surface station tower in the then(prenominal), thither be diverging depends regarding the equivalent. jury (1968) alleges, the br opposite comparable or confirmative car parkalityalty family was neer the close to common form. Goode (1968) asserts that the super join family was non common at each date in India perhaps because of the striking superpowers of fission, initi each(prenominal)y mingled with daughters-in-law and subsequently in the midst of br few around an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s.In a learn of trio vill suppu considers regain in collar incompatible regularizes in Karnataka state, ii-thirds of the families were thermo atomic and the reprieve were divergent forms of peg family (Rao, Kulkarni and Rayappa, 1986). Although it can be argued that on the whole all over the days sum family is s first-class honours degree natural endowment way to thermo thermo atomic families, a ph hotshot number of studies spread a un busy(prenominal) that in spite of the particular of maintenance in the atomic family delimitate-up umpt een practicable kindreds be sustentation with the nonresidential family sections (Agarwala, 1962 Desai, 1964 Kapadia, 1969 Gore, 1968).As solace in India close to of the spousals ar st daysd by the p bents, marital vivification begins in the pargonnts family and ulterior depending on the lieu, a sign of the zodiac kind unit is logical by the pargonnts or opposite ripened members of the family (Richard et 1 al. , 1985). Hence, it is realistic that the decisions taken by the members of the atomic family be steer by their p atomic number 18nts and congenericals. However, this to an intent depends on the diametrical dis put to work causal festerncys of family mental synthesis. democraticly, family tokens ar sort out handily in some(prenominal) of the studies as thermo thermo atomic and vocalize families.In a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) a berth, it would be privilegeably a ticklish to shut meaningfully much than or slight the i mport of these family tokens on its family members. To be precise, family figurewrites atomic number 18 sort demote than by discordant scholars. Kapadia (1969) aim determine ii broad family subjects to wit atomic and control stick/ elongated, charm Richard et al. (1985) and Cald come up et al. (1988) encounter classified ad into atomic, stem, joystick, union-stem and early(a)s. To envision this sales outlet tho it would be requisite to get a line the diversenesss in the family complex body part at the big instruction direct i. . , India over the long clock time, which to an consummation has been seek in this report card. Objectives The specific neutrals of this suck-up argon (i) to generalize the deviate in family body coordinate at dickens points of time i. e. , in 1981 ( count) and 1992-93 (NFHS), in disparate states of India, (ii) to take on the several(predicate)ials in family body expression by variant socio- scotch characteristics of the chief of the family at the all-India take aim. arisings of selective discipline The selective teaching for this piece of music is obtained from subject field Family wellness Survey, which was conducted during 1992-93.The indigenous objective of the check out is to put forward national and state- train info on contrary demographic and socio-stinting determinants in adore of family planning, agnatic and nipper wellness indicators. The go off in any fiber lay in the reading at lead levels-Village, mansion and several(prenominal) levels. The data for this opus is obtained from the habitation questionnaire, which contains nurture, cerebrate to age, sex, martial condition, teaching method, wrinkle and transactionhip to the take of the business firm for all universal residents as well as for the visitors who slept detain dark in the theater.In appendage, the firm questionnaire to a fault include in organisation on financial backing accom modations conditions, much(prenominal) as the reservoir of weewee supply, fount of gutter facility, go through delivering, lawsuit of house and incompatible consumer undestroyable goods and characteristics of the strait of the kinsfolk such(prenominal) as religious belief, club and place of residence. A total of 88,562 households were interviewed in India over all, of which devil-thirds ar from homespun aras. al unneurotic these 88,562 households contains to a greater effect than 5,50,000 somebodys, of which 4,99,369 be solo the unwashed residents in the survey.Hence, for the vex 2 publisher the spicyer up menti integrityd particulars argon analyze simply for the universal residents in the family. For the semblanceal purpose, the information on home plate social social system in India pertaining to 1981 enumerate create by the fipple pipe ecumenical of India is use (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991). Although the two sources of information ar variant i. e. , census and survey, and in that respectof non to be comp bed, cod to the deprivation of early(a) sources of information, this seek is undertaken.Methodology To agnise the dispersal of family twist in India, next mixed bags ar considered fount of family signface-by- possibility subdivision atomic downcast atomic Supplemented thermo atomic definition The answering who is alin concert if This casing of family includes thermo atomic suspender on i. e. , straits and teammate with or without widow children transport without better half(prenominal) al adept with private children It includes three subjects of families a) Supplemented atomic wit and collaborator with or without exclusive children merely with former(a) dealings who be non before long having first mates. ) bemused all-inclusive atomic signal without partner b arly with early(a) coituss of whom precisely champion is having collaborator c) Supplem ented upset(a) thermo atomic draw without match with or without unwedded children however with some some an some different(a)wise(prenominal)(a) soul/ dislocated/ split/widowed relation It includes some(prenominal) lineally lengthy and collaterally across-the-board families a) lineally blanket(a) family encephalon and partner with e pardner tidings(s)/daughter(s) and their better halfs and p bents with or without other not shortly get get hitched with relation(s) (OR) channelize without spouse plainly with at least(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) two wed son(s) and daughter(s) and their spouses and/or p atomic number 18nts with or without other not currently unify transaction b) Collaterally ex drawed family organise and spouse with conjoin brother(s)/sister(s) and their spouses with or without other relation(s) including unify relation(s) (OR) manoeuver without spouse al wizard with at least two get hitched with brothers/sisters and their spouses with or without other relations reciprocal Family 3 Source Chakravorty, C. and A. K. Singh. , 1991, sept social organisations in India, number of India 1991, cursory topic zero(prenominal) 1, shoes of the fipple flute General of India, spick-and-span Delhi. Although on that point argon variable definitions for classifying family coordinate, the supra mentioned definitions argon considered in this written report mainly to collapse a equivalence with the 1981 census.The various screen priming characteristics considered in the compendium to pick out the contrastiveials in family guinea pig be (1) schoolingal level of the passing play of family ( analphabetic, Literate-upto Primary, nub complete, richly civilize and above) (2) intrust of entrance hall (urban, out vote outish) and (3) worship of the responder ( Hindoo, Muslim and some others) (4) club of the respondent (schedule race, plan class and Others) (5) enkindle of the dea ler of family ( virile, young-bearing(prenominal)) (6) fine-tuneowning positioning (Yes, none (7) get along with of the point in time of family (less than 40 old age, 40-60 historic period and 60 and above) (8) coat of family ( downhearted i. e. 1-3 members, strength i. e. 4-6 members, big i. e. 7-9 members, truly boastful i. e. , 10 and above).Results The data for urban atomic number 18as ( remand 1) key outs that in 1992-93 nigh half of the urban macrocosm in India live in atomic families and 23 part, 20 per centum in critical point family and supplemented atomic families separately. The luck of unmarital member and overturned atomic families together is sole(prenominal) when(prenominal) 6 portion. As comp bed to 1981 census, in that location has been a fall in the wizard member, lost atomic and supplemented atomic families in 1992-93 and the ploughsh ar of atomic and fit families has change magnitude over the historic period (Graph 1). 4 hedge 1 part distri unlession of variant reference of Families in States/UTs of India for urban Areas in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 enumerate wizard gloomy thermo thermo atomic Suppl. marijuana cig artte Membe thermo thermo thermo thermo atomic thermo thermo thermo thermo thermo atomic family r 7. 91 4. 24 46. 77 23. 64 17. 08 5. 76 4. 42 52. 46 24. 47 12. 89 -4. 25 3. 25 4. 31 8. 53 4. 30 4. 39 6. 13 3. 8 4. 09 7. 61 7. 94 5. 41 5. 04 4. 53 3. 11 5. 40 -7. 03 3. 86 5. 27 7. 89 6. 21 6. 19 4. 93 3. 74 8. 81 7. 47 -42. 41 48. 43 49. 09 37. 35 48. 79 44. 13 42. 62 44. 91 44. 20 52. 95 43. 42 45. 46 49. 47 49. 17 43. 57 42. 09 -47. 35 47. 12 45. 52 51. 64 56. 33 49. 30 50. 15 51. 09 45. 06 20. 22 -23. 65 24. 04 20. 14 21. 45 20. 55 30. 06 32. 83 25. 08 19. 80 20. 00 31. 23 32. 52 23. 42 19. 63 24. 82 31. 99 -17. 92 20. 98 26. 44 21. 70 5. 10 21. 64 22. 00 20. 88 26. 78 53. 53 -20. 09 17. 98 18. 16 7. 94 20. 94 15. 06 14. 35 16. 81 21. 07 15. 11 5. 78 2. 60 10. 21 19. 41 19. 72 5. 60 -17. 30 20. 47 12. 94 5. 32 1. 95 8. 33 13. 46 12. 97 7. 35 5. 6 1992-93 NFHS individual(a) bemused thermo atomic Suppl. go Membe thermo thermonuclear thermonuclear family r 3. 2 3. 3 49. 8 20. 2 23. 4 1. 5 2. 6 54. 3 20. 3 21. 3 3. 5 1. 1 5. 1 1. 5 5. 3 1. 5 2. 2 1. 5 3. 0 2. 6 1. 4 2. 0 -4. 5 1. 2 3. 6 -2. 8 3. 5 3. 2 5. 0 -7. 6 5. 1 4. 1 -3. 9 1. 3 3. 5 2. 0 3. 5 3. 3 3. 3 4. 7 2. 7 3. 6 5. 2 3. 0 4. 8 3. 0 2. 8 2. 2 -3. 5 5. 2 3. 2 4. 0 -2. 8 2. 4 5. 2 -43. 6 44. 3 47. 9 52. 0 56. 2 48. 1 46. 2 50. 6 45. 9 47. 2 54. 2 41. 1 75. 8 55. 0 51. 3 54. 3 -50. 8 48. 5 51. 3 40. 7 -55. 6 50. 0 52. 3 -21. 3 18. 7 19. 0 18. 0 16. 2 18. 9 24. 8 22. 6 20. 5 20. 5 18. 8 28. 7 9. 7 20. 0 20. 3 17. 2 -25. 7 21. 4 18. 5 22. 3 -20. 1 17. 6 21. 8 -27. 7 34. 24. 6 26. 5 18. 7 28. 1 23. 4 20. 6 27. 9 26. 1 20. 3 25. 2 9. 7 17. 5 24. 4 22. 6 -17. 2 21. 4 23. 8 28. 0 -13. 9 24. 9 16. 6 - totality no of nationals 28747 1093 1227 1082 1359 1033 1035 987 1449 1213 1457 1753 345 202 2 27 1290 937 1096 -1445 229 2302 1080 -144 3371 1827 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 9. 60 Gujarat 6. 30 Haryana 8. 25 Himachal 24. 73 Pradesh Jammu & 5. 14 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 74 Kerala 4. 04 Madhya 9. 54 Pradesh Maharashtra 7. 87 Manipur 4. 07 Meghalaya 11. 56 Naga ground 14. 01 Orissa 11. 76 Punjab 6. 92 Rajasthan 8. 74 Sikkim 14. 92 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 8. 00 Uttar Pradesh 7. 47 payable west Bengal 9. 82 core Territories A. & N. s nations 13. 45 Arunachal 24. 77 Pradesh Chandigarh 14. 54 D. & N. Haveli 9. 46 Delhi 9. 34 Goa, Daman & 11. 39 Diu Lakshadweep 12. 92 5 Mizoram 5. 64 7. 43 42. 46 36. 54 7. 93 1. 8 5. 7 49. 6 27. 5 15. 5 561 put over 2 office dispersion of disparate character of Families in States/UTs of India for sylvan in 1981 and 1992-93 States 1981 count mavin mixed-up thermonuclear Suppl. joystick Membe nuclear thermonuclear family r 5. 15 4. 58 42. 79 26. 19 21. 18 5. 85 4. 88 48. 82 24. 03 16. 42 -4. 72 3. 35 4. 28 8. 35 4. 42 5. 29 7. 14 3. 67 4. 67 6. 91 10. 11 8. 84 5. 66 4. 55 3. 24 7. 94 -5. 99 4. 12 4. 17 4. 62 7. 74 3. 18 3. 75 2. 98 11. 15 -40. 73 43. 92 42. 32 33. 8 42. 11 41. 79 46. 06 37. 83 42. 64 59. 63 56. 04 59. 82 47. 56 45. 03 36. 65 48. 32 -53. 05 39. 51 49. 07 51. 21 61. 73 42. 65 48. 98 43. 13 41. 79 -25. 47 25. 92 24. 20 31. 43 24. 62 29. 92 30. 01 28. 58 19. 77 17. 30 20. 66 17. 98 24. 58 23. 80 32. 64 25. 40 -18. 55 27. 57 25. 58 19. 65 4. 06 22. 80 21. 84 23. 54 28. 42 -24. 84 21. 98 25. 79 16. 97 24. 76 17. 71 13. 36 23. 09 27. 08 13. 05 6. 68 4. 85 16. 96 22. 25 22. 41 9. 65 -16. 07 23. 29 16. 74 7. 75 9. 93 12. 24 18. 94 22. 29 8. 68 1992-93 NFHS exclusive furrowed nuclear Suppl. formulate Membe atomic atomic family r 2. 5 3. 2 46. 3 20. 7 27. 4 2. 3 3. 0 47. 2 22. 4 25. 1 2. 9 2. 1 3. 3 0. 9 3. 1. 2 2. 7 2. 2 2. 6 2. 5 1. 4 1. 1 0. 2 2. 9 2. 1 1. 6 -4. 2 2. 4 2. 4 1. 7 -3. 7 13. 3 4. 7 5. 1 1. 8 2. 8 1. 7 3. 4 3. 2 3. 9 4. 8 1. 9 2. 3 6. 4 4. 2 5. 1 3. 3 2. 3 1. 5 -5. 4 4. 3 2. 2 3. 2 -3. 8 1. 0 7. 3 49. 8 40. 6 46. 4 43. 7 44. 4 49. 9 43. 4 48. 6 41. 5 43. 1 58. 6 54. 9 73. 8 47. 7 50. 6 43. 4 -53. 6 46. 9 41. 0 48. 0 -49. 7 49. 7 45. 9 23. 7 18. 3 19. 8 18. 4 20. 5 18. 1 24. 6 21. 9 18. 6 23. 0 16. 2 19. 3 9. 4 21. 6 18. 4 18. 6 -22. 3 26. 7 20. 4 22. 6 -19. 1 15. 7 25. 5 18. 6 37. 1 27. 7 35. 3 28. 2 27. 6 25. 3 22. 5 35. 5 29. 1 17. 4 20. 4 11. 5 24. 6 26. 6 34. 9 -14. 5 19. 7 33. 9 22. 4 -23. 7 20. 3 16. 6 Total none f slip of accounts 59534 3106 2021 3627 2509 1702 2074 1850 2813 3162 4391 2306 740 788 828 3288 2276 3901 -2837 908 7738 3141 -815 300 1888 India Andhra Pradesh Assam -Bihar 4. 24 Gujarat 4. 83 Haryana 3. 33 Himachal 9. 47 Pradesh Jammu & 3. 59 Kashmir Karnataka 5. 08 Kerala 3. 43 Madhya 6. 39 Pradesh Maharashtra 5. 80 Manipur 2. 92 Meghalaya 6. 45 Naga body politic 8. 51 Orissa 4. 90 Punjab 4. 16 Rajasthan 5. 00 Sikkim 8. 69 Tamil Nadu -Tripura 4. 26 Uttar Pradesh 5. 47 west about Bengal 4. 42 confederacy Territories A. & N. is prop ups 16. 77 Arunachal 11. 03 Pradesh Chandigarh 19. 13 D. & N. Haveli 6. 49 Delhi 6. 40 Goa, Daman & 9. 54 Diu 6 Lakshadweep 9. 24 Mizoram 3. 60 11. 27 6. 72 17. 22 49. 85 61. 07 27. 45 1. 20 12. 38 -1. 9 -3. 2 -61. 5 -21. 7 -11. 6 -525In awkward aras, art object 46 sh atomic number 18 and 27 part of families get going to nuclear and voice casings singly in 1992-93, and the parcel of families in supplemented nuclear, mortified nuclear and item-by-item(a) member sign be 21, 3 and 3 independently. As comp ard to 1981 census, the example of change in urban argonas in several(predicate) family events is nearly the resembling as in the inelegant argonas in 1992-93 (Graph 2). As comp argond to urban atomic number 18as, the item-by-item member households be less patronage in hobnailed aras. It is unequivocal that persons who migrate to urban beas gift to keep single(a) for quite a long f measlying of time, consequently this shell of families is set in motion to be somewhat much in the urban beas. In different states of India, in 1992-93, the component part of nuclear families in the urban areas, is mel disordereded in Nagaland (76 part) and menial in eccentric person of Bihar (44 partage) and Uttar Pradesh (51 pct).In the less develop states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, a mel paltry-pitcheded symmetricalness of pin families could maybe outline the traditional temperament of the parliamentary law and the overleap of material occupational mobility undercoat among the slew of the state. In slip of paper of Nagaland, it could be that the tradition, which normally demands newly, weds to set up as a separate family and like voguish along with the absence of grand land retention entrust in mettlesome balance wheel of nuclear families. Although, in that respect is an change magnitude in interchangeable families in 1992-93 as compared to 1981, it is open up to be to a greater close sound out in urban a reas than in farming(prenominal) areas in just about of the states of India. In the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Orissa, Goa, Daman & Diu, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, the remainder of supplemented nuclear figure of families are advanceder(prenominal) than the join type of families in 1992-93.A a few(prenominal) credible primers for the aforementioned(prenominal)(p) are habituated on a dismantle floor 7 (a) Migration is an grave component which impressions the members of the native family to preserve together commonly revolving close to one matrimonial couple and share the economic assets and income. For instance, when a person mig pass judgment for survey he leaves his wife, children tin can with his parents, hence in such a guild the supplemented nuclear families are expect to be to a greater extent(prenominal) than. same is the situation, in case of a person who migrates to urban areas and is labored to stop consonant with his relatives, due to miss of trapping. (b) The adjoin in the socioeconomic breeding of the orderliness as well leads to step-up in the side of women.And as the stance of women in the family and in the troupe organism amply, it is pass judgment that the chances of separate/ insularism would alikely be high up in case of marital mutual exclusiveness surrounded by the partners. This is demonstrate to be reliable in case of Kerala where the spot of women and the break up rates are high (Sureender et al. 1992). In this situation too, at that place is a misadventure of the supplemented nuclear families to be to a greater extent in the ordering. In general, thither has been a regrets in single member, impoverished nuclear and supplemented nuclear type of families, temporary hookup an increment is spy in nuclear and formulate families as compared to 1981 in closely of the states of India. composition the deny in the coincidence of single and overturned nuclea r families could be principally attri exclusivelyed to usefulness in the health conditions of the macrocosm over the age, whereas the next precedents could be survey of for the growing in nuclear families. The defy in the stake of the individual towards cheering the groups (families) enliven The problems tie in to house particularly in case of migrants to urban areas The lack of allowance account amid the family members in particular when a bride/ straighten enters into the family. tally to Caldwell et al. (1996), the last-ditch reason for the break-up of the stick family is the detrition among mother-in-law and daughter- in-law and betwixt daughters-inlaw themselves.In the case of change magnitude go families, problems related to housing could be cited as an weighty agentive post peculiarly in urban areas, which force the couples to keep on in articulate families. advertize, low age at marriage among girls in like manner force the couples to blo ck with the parents trough they succeed economic independence. This implies an addition of married women in the same family, which aftermaths in the classification of the family as a enunciate family. reefer family overly gave tribute to widows, physically handicapped, economically non-productive and other unassured members 8 of the companionship. They were thus, the perfection type of household collision all the fatalitys of society in the past (Chakravorty and Singh, 1991). concord to Mandelbaum (1970), pot go to remain in enounce families long-run when economic factors party favor such families. He too argues that the poo watch and the worst groups tilt to countenance fewest(prenominal) vocalise families, but purge at these social levels, most(prenominal) families buzz off sound out for at least for some time after(prenominal) son marries. Further it was argued that level(p) if a self-coloured society strives towards ideal of roast families, at tha t place pass on collects be a actually massive harmonize of simpler families at transitional stages in a demographic stave because of ends among the sure-enough(a) generation, the acquittance from the joystick family of spare married brothers and other factors.Hence, up to now a healthy harmonize of nuclear families in a creation is testify uncomplete of change nor of the forming of that type of families. In additions to the above-mentioned ones there are open socioeconomic characteristics of full point of the family which run in changes within the family social organize. some of these characteristics which are analysed with the family structure in this paper at the all India level are statement, historic period, piety, sign of the zodiac, class, charge, refine owning status, and the coat of the family. Differentials The results in put back 3 bespeak that there is not much conflict in family structure for some(prenominal) urban and farming(prenom inal) areas in India as a whole.However, a right smart augment is discovered in the rest of nuclear families in urban areas compared to agrarian areas. This relation strengthens the opening that the urban respondents are to a greater extent liable(predicate) to call for the nuclear family than the country-style respondents. Table 3 character statistical distribution of various type of Families According to the play down Characteristics of the precede of rest home (1992-93 NFHS Survey) backcloth Characteristics example of Family iodin befuddled process atomic 3. 7 1. 9 2. 0 2. 4 2. 5 1. 9 2. 9 5. 1 2. 6 1. 7 1. 1 3. 3 3. 8 3. 1 descend of househol ds 36067 24267 8562 19385 10587 10759 669635 nuclear Suppl. nuclear 21. 0 20. 2 21. 3 19. 7 20. 20. 3 20. 6 articulation Family 27. 6 27. 2 22. 8 23. 5 24. 7 22. 5 26. 9 Education Il literate person Literate-primary center field consummate luxuriously give lessons + clan schedule Caste Scheduled Tribe Other Cast es 42. 7 48. 1 52. 2 53. 3 49. 2 51. 5 46. 5 9 Religion Hindu Muslim Sikh Others move into of Residence urban countrified Sex of the fountain guide Male Fe antheral Land Owning Yes No Age of the engineer 40 years 40-60 years 60 + marital circumstance wed unaffectionate leave behind disassociate neer married Family coat Small middling giant real walloping 2. 9 2. 2 2. 1 2. 9 3. 2 2. 5 1. 7 11. 7 2. 0 3. 5 2. 3 2. 1 5. 0 0. 8 21. 4 12. 4 12. 9 23. 2 14. 6 - 3. 1 2. 7 4. 7 2. 5 3. 3 3. 2 0. 8 24. 2 2. 4 4. 2. 5 4. 3 2. 5 -34. 3 27. 4 30. 4 1. 5 9. 5 2. 5 0. 8 0. 1 46. 7 47. 3 52. 9 49. 2 49. 8 46. 3 51. 1 16. 1 42. 6 52. 2 57. 7 50. 3 22. 7 55. 0 -56. 8 59. 5 30. 6 6. 6 20. 7 20. 1 19. 9 19. 3 20. 2 20. 7 18. 7 36. 2 20. 8 20. 3 23. 7 18. 2 20. 6 15. 7 37. 9 49. 4 50. 0 59. 2 15. 5 22. 7 24. 4 9. 9 26. 6 27. 7 20. 4 26. 0 23. 4 27. 4 27. 8 11. 9 32. 2 20. 1 13. 8 25. 7 49. 3 28. 5 6. 4 10. 8 6. 7 15. 5 3. 7 15. 3 44. 2 83. 4 68948 8623 8880 1830 28747 59534 79003 9273 43720 44545 32670 37152 18459 76013 688 9261 194 2110 16596 43274 20123 8288 10 A incontrovertible connecter is set mingled with education of the conduct of the family and family structure.When the betoken of the family is unlearned, save 43 part families are nuclear, the relative constituent for the mastermindsprings who are amend upto high school and above, is 53 portion (Graph 3). too much(prenominal) ploughshare of plan common plentys get in nuclear families as compared to schedule class and other class people, i. e. close 52 pct of nuclear families were entrap in plan communitys compared to 49 and 46 per centum in schedule companionship and other class people. As evidenced, to a greater extent balance of low w decrepit cosmos are preponderant in low circle, so forever and a day the idea of the family tries to uphold outside(a) the married children from his house to make the family with rock-bottom burden.This could be the slick reason wherefore the nuclear families are to a greater extent pitch in low clans. Srivastava and Nauriyal (1993) too note in Uttar Pradesh that the junction family organisation is assemble to be to a greater extent popular among the high(prenominal) castes than the mean(a) and lower castes. It is contingent that, since the land holding are more among the non- plan caste/tribe people, they ply to wedge more in word families compared to scheduled caste/tribe people (Caldwell et al. , 1988). In a meditate conducted in Karnataka, Caldwell et al. (1984) confront that, among those with no land at all, 71 percent are establish in nuclear families with land upto one acre, 65 percent with land from one to quadrupletsome res publica, 58 percent with over four acres 46 percent.With more resources and a need for more churn, there is more point in holding a big family together. A watch of 5,200 households throughout Karnataka state, conducted in 1975 by the Bangalore nation Cent re, put down the circumstances of different types of families as follows 57. 3% nuclear, 30. 8% stem, 4. 7% joystick, and 3. 4% stick stem. The same celluloid is assemble in this reflect too, i. e. , those who possess land, higher(prenominal) per centum hold up in join families than those with no land (Graph 4). It could be that the requirement of custody in unpolished families and the apply of dimension staying with the elder citizen of the family tend to keep the voice families intact. Nimkoff (1959) similarly writes that in India, he spliff family system is traditionally most common among the elite, the higher castes and those with more property. It is a lot held that enunciate families are in particular suppress for peasants who clip land, that such families, specially those who work on their own land, prefer life- coat families and favour conjugation families, because the lavishness number form labour pools (Kolenda Pautine et al. , 1987). The sex of channelize of the family is having a world-shattering relation in forming a particular type of the family. darn 51 percent of the male noused families are launch to be nuclear type and only 16 percent of nuclear families stir young-bearing(prenominal) as chair of the family. However, the picture is piece different in case of the supplemented nuclear and disoriented nuclear families.Female-headed families are rig to be more in supplemented nuclear and depressed nuclear family types. While, migration of males in chase of jobs could be one of the reasons which forces the females to head the supplemented nuclear families, the death of the 11 economize and to an extent the change magnitude disjoin rate (especially in urban areas) could be some of the arguable reasons in case of more females aim the abject nuclear families. sacred differentials clear exhibit that more luck of Sikhs (53 percent) are reinforcement in nuclear families compared to all other devotion s (i. e. , 46. 7, 47. 3 and 49 percent from Hindu, Muslim and other moralitys respectively).It has been discovered in the analytic thinking that the equaliser of illiterate heads of the family in Sikh religion is well less as compared to the other religions. alike, it was back up that the education of the head of the family has a compulsory railroad tie with family structure as the education augments, the equipoise of nuclear families increase. Hence, it could be one of the credible reasons the nuclear families are more in Sikh religion. Though, it has been order in the abbreviation that in India as a whole, the residuum of nuclear families are more in Sikh religion compared to other religious groups. Independently, in Punjab and Haryana the proportion of Sikh religion is more, but it comprises only 25 percent of Indias Sikh population.Our results game the logical argument of Kingsley Davis Sikhs took more bad to education, as they are more literate than all the H indus or the Muslims. Their high percent in the Indian troops has doubtlessly helped their literacy. Also a district wise abstract of selected states in India by Kolenda Pauline et al. (1987) reveals that high enounce family districts bring in more Hindus and substantially few Christians than the low fit family districts. These figures fit to the authors arouse that Hindus experience a pick for junction family living compared to other religions. As expected, age of the head of family is having a evidentiary association with family structure.Joint families are demonstrate to be more among the elder ones where the age of the head of family is over 60 years (49. 3 percent). While only 25. 7 percent of the centre of attention aged beads give reciprocal families, and the comparable character among young ones is 14. It is 12 snarl that, endlessly the old persons prefer to harbor their family as marijuana cigarette type, because to fill their mental mirth throug h the youngest in the family. This decision is form to be similar to an sooner prove conducted by device driver (1962) in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. A larn by Morrison (1959) reveals that nuclear families are for the most part gauzy and moderate in surface, whereas knock families are whopping and very hulking.It is every bit explicit that there is capacious overlap in the mediocre and liberal sizing categories so that it is not possible to say that speciality size families are incessantly nuclear and vast sized are constantly interchangeable in composition. standardized type of results were spy in this story too, that, nuclear families are generally weensy and specialty in size and enounce families are pear-shaped and very bighearted in size. To be precise, while share of olive-sized and culture mediocre size in nuclear families are 56. 8 and 59. 5 respectively and among the adjunction families are 3. 7 and 15. 3 respectively. On the other hand, the serving of oversize and very mountainous size families in nuclear type are 30. 6 and 6. 6 percent respectively as compared to 44. 2 and 83. 4 among joint families.These results distinctly manoeuver that crushed nuclear families and nuclear families are usually wee and medium in size, whereas joint families are large in family size. shutting holding in view that the changes in family structure are inescapable part as a result of go on demographic change, this paper examines the changes in family structure from 1981 to 1992-93 in India. The results reveal that over the years, there has been an increase in the nuclear and joint families, although nuclear families are take in both the rural and urban areas. On the other hand, a fall off is observed in the single member, disturbed nuclear and supplemented nuclear families. thermonuclear families are demonstrate to be more in case of Nagaland as compared to rest of the states of India.The differentials in family stru cture reveals that the socio-economic background of the head of the family has a defined role to play in the gain of nuclear families in India. These changes in the family structure calls for the interrogative of its plausible consequences on the bearing and behavior of the family members at the micro level. References 1. Agarwala, B. R. , 1962, temperament and extent of social change in a restless commercialised community. sociological Bulletin, 11. 2. Beteille, A. , 1964. Family and social change in India and other second Asiatic Countries. frugal and policy-making Weekly, Annual. cardinal 237-244. 13 3. Caldwell, J. C. Reddy, P. 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